Sociolinguistic research on variation in Ontario French 

There are about half a million people who claim French as their mother tongue, in the province of Ontario, Canada. In absolute numbers they are Canada's largest Francophone community outside Quebec. However, since Ontario's population amounts to over 10 million, Franco-Ontarians are a only a small minority at the provincial level (5.5%). At the local level, however, Franco-Ontarian concentration varies considerably, ranging from localities where Francophones constitute a very strong majority (85% of the local population) to localities where they are only a very small minority (less than 2% of the local population). In communities where they do not constitute a strong majority, Franco-Ontarians do not have much of an economic power base and often use English in their daily activities. They also do not fully maintain French at home as is evidenced by data from the Canadian Census which have brought to light a substantial decline in the number of people who report using French as their main language of communication at home. 

Over the last thirty years, the Ontario and Federal Governments took a series of legislative measures that have significantly increased the amount of services in French provided by provincial and federal institutions during the 70s and 80s. The most important of these measures is undoubtedly the establishment of a province-wide system of French-medium schools. While it may be surmised that such measures have slowed down the linguistic assimilation of Franco-Ontarians, they have not stopped it. One has yet to see a reversal of the steady erosion of French as a home language in Ontario which has been documented by every Canadian census over the last thirty years. 

Thanks to the financial support of the Ontario Ministry of Education and of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, in the late 70s and early 80s, Raymond Mougeon and his associates gathered several corpuses of spoken French in the Franco-Ontarian communities of Cornwall, Hawkesbury, North Bay, Pembroke, Rayside, Sudbury and Welland. One of the reasons why these particular communities were selected is that they differ markedly from one another with respect to local francophone concentration. In Hawkesbury, Francophones represent 85% of the local population and thus constitute a strong majority, in Rayside they represent 60% of the local population, in Cornwall 39%, in Sudbury 28%, in North Bay 18% and in Pembroke only 8%. In all the communities mentioned above, except in Welland, the corpuses of spoken Ontario French were gathered by carrying out taped semi-directed interviews with socially-stratified samples of adolescents who were enrolled in the local French-medium high schools and who had been brought up as children in home where both parents were native speakers of French or formed a linguistically mixed couple. The inclusion of individuals of mixed parentage in our adolescent speaker samples reflected the fact that linguistic exogamy is now a key characteristic of the Franco-Ontarian community. 

Before taking part in the interviews, these adolescent speakers provided data on how frequently they used French and English in a variety of situations of communication (e.g., at home with their parents, outside the home with their friends or brothers and sisters). These data revealed that although these adolescent speakers were all enrolled in French-language schools, in the situations under study, their use of French ranged from exclusive to only marginal use of this language (and hence predominant use of English). 

The corpus of Welland spoken French was also gathered through semi-directed taped interviews. The speaker sample, however, was not only socially-stratified but also cross-sectional, including individuals from a broad range of age cohorts (adolescents, young adults, middle age adults and older adults) and displaying different levels of bilingual skills (balanced, French-dominant and English-dominant). 

The corpuses mentioned above have been the object of many studies focused on those aspects of Ontario French where speakers use several variants, i.e., evidence what linguists refer to as "linguistic variation", e.g., the use of two different prepositional variants to express the notion of possession e.g., l'auto à ma mèrevs l'auto de ma mère, "my mother's car". A key feature of these studies is that they examine the effect of varying levels of contact with English and concomitant restriction in the use of French on variation in Ontario French. They do so by comparing the patterns of variation found in the varieties of French spoken in the different communities mentioned above and, within each community, in the varieties of French spoken by speakers who exhibit different levels of language use restriction and contact with English. Also, since the bulk of the Ontario's Francophone population has relatively recent roots in Quebec and since in this latter province, contact with English is not very intensive, previous research on variation in spoken Quebec French constitutes a useful backdrop for the studies of variation in Ontario French. In fact many of the studies reporting on variation in Ontario French have been focused on cases of variation brought to light by sociolinguistic research on Quebec French and, as such, they have provided another "benchmark" to assess the effect of contact with English and language use restriction on variation in Ontario French. 

Over the years, the studies of variation in Ontario French, have furthered considerably the sociolinguistic description of this variety of Canadian French. However, they have also contributed to a better understanding of the external and internal factors which influence linguistic variation in French and, more generally, of the differential effect of these factors on variation in languages spoken in minority communities as opposed to majority ones. A synthesis of these contributions can be found notably in Chaudenson, Mougeon and Beniak (1993), Mougeon (1993), Mougeon (1996), and Mougeon and Nadasdi (1996) and (1998). 

The list below includes all the theses and publications which report or discuss findings from studies of variation in Ontario French that have used or are using one or several of the six corpuses mentioned above. 
 
 

Raymond Mougeon, French Studies, York University
Dissertations and MA theses
Books
 Chapters in books
 Cichocki, W. & Lepetit, D. 1986. Intonational variability in language contact: Fo declination in Ontarian French. In D. Sankoff, ed. Diversity and diachrony, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 239-249.

Léon, Pierre et Wladyslaw Cichocki. 1989. Bilan et problématique des études sociophonétiques franco-ontariennes, dans Raymond Mougeon et Édouard Beniak (éds), Le français canadien parlé hors Québec. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, p. 37-52.

Laurier, Michel. 1989. Le subjonctif dans le parler franco-ontarien: un mode en voie de disparition, dans Raymond Mougeon et Édouard Beniak (éds), Le français canadien parlé hors Québec. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, p. 105-126.

Mougeon, R. 1982. Paramètres extralinguistiques de la variabilité morphologique en français ontarien. In N. Dittmar & B. Schlieben-Langue, eds. Die Soziolinguistik in romanichsprachigen Landern, Tubigen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pp. 113-120.

Mougeon, R. 1993. Le français en Ontario: bilinguisme, transfert à l'anglais et variabilité linguistique. In D. de Robillard, & M. Benamino, eds. Le français dans l'espace francophone, Paris/Geneva: Champion/Slatkine, pp. 53-77.

Mougeon, R. 1994. La question de l'interférence de l'anglais à la lumière de la sociolinguistique. In C. Poirier (ed.). Langue, espace, société: les variétés du français en Amérique du Nord, Québec: Les Presses de l'Univesité Laval, 25-40.

Mougeon, R. 1995. Perspective sociolinguistique sur le comportement langagier des Franco-Ontariens. In J. Cotnam, Y. Frenette, & A. Whitfield, eds.,La francophonie ontarienne, Ottawa: Le Nordir, 219-57.
Mougeon, R. 1997. Recherches sur les dimensions sociales et situationnelles de la variation du français ontarien. In N. Labrie & G. Forlot, eds. Les réalités sociolinguistiques franco-ontariennes dans les années quatre-vingt dix, Ottawa: Ottawa University Press.

Mougeon, R. 1997. La recherche sociolinguistique sur le français du Canada. In J. Erfürt, ed. De la polyphonie à la symphonie. Méthodes, théories et faits de la recherche pluridisciplinaire sur le français du Canada, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitäts Verlag, pp. 183-208.

Mougeon, R. 1997. Sociolinguistic heterogeneity in a French-speaking minority community: the Franco-Ontarians. In A. Valdman, ed. French and Creole in Louisiana, The Hague: Plenum, pp. 287-312.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Canale, M. 1979. Le rôle de l'interference dans l'emploi des prépositions en français et en anglais par des jeunes Franco-ontariens bilingues. In M. Paradis, ed. Aspects of Bilingualism, Columbia, Sth. Carolina: Hornbeam Press, pp. 46-93.

Mougeon, R., Beniak, É. & Valois, D. 1986. Is child language a possible source of linguistic variation? In D. Sankoff, ed. Diversity and diachrony, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 347-360.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1989. Language contraction and linguistic change: the case of Welland French. In N. Dorian, ed. Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mougeon, R. & É. Beniak. 1996. Social class and language variation in bilingual speech communities. In G. Guy, J. Baugh, D. Schiffrin & C. Feagin, eds. Towards a social science of language: a festchrift for William Labov, Vol. 1., Benjamins, pp. 69-99.

Mougeon, R. & Canale, M. 1981. Apprentissage et enseignement du français langue première dans les écoles de langue française de l'Ontario: français langue première ou langue seconde ? In P. Léon, ed. Options nouvelles en didactique du français langue étrangère, Paris: Didier, pp. 75-83.

Beniak, É. & Mougeon, R. 1989. Recherches sociolinguistiques sur la variabilité en français-ontarien. In R. Mougeon & É. Beniak. 1989. eds. Le français canadien parlé hors Québec : un aperçu sociolinguistique, Quebec City: Les Presses de l`Université Laval, pp. 69-104.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R. & Bélanger, M. 1978. Analogical leveling of the auxiliary ETRE in Ontarian French. In M. Suner, ed. Studies in Romance Linguistics, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 41-61.

Léon, P. & Cichocki, W. Bilan et problématique des études socio-phonétiques franco-ontariennes. In Mougeon, R. & É. Beniak, eds. Le français parlé hors Québec: aperçu sociolinguistique, Québec: les Presses de l'Université Laval, pp. 37-51.

Nadasdi, T. 1995. Restriction linguistique et cliticisation des pronoms indirects inanimés en français ontarien. In R. Fournier & H. Wittmann, eds. Le Français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses Universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 165-180.

Nadasdi, T. 1997. Lexicalisation disparate en milieu minoritaire. In J. Auger and Y. Rose, eds. Explorations du lexique, Quebec: CIRAL, pp. 121-132.

Nadasdi, T. (In press). Agreement in non standard French: a Response to Carroll and Roberge. In R. Davis & P. Bhatt, eds. The Linguistic Brain: Models of Language Performance, Toronto:  Canadian Scholars' Press Inc.

Tennant, J. 1993. Le débit de la parole peut-il avoir un effet sur la variation morphonologique? In B. Ferguson, H. Gezundhajt & Ph. Martin, eds. Accent, Intonation et modèles phonologiques, Toronto: Éditions Mélodie, pp. 35-54.

Thomas, A. Le franco-ontarien: portrait linguistique. In Mougeon, R. & É. Beniak, eds. Le français parlé hors Québec: aperçu sociolinguistique, Québec: les Presses de l'Université Laval, pp. 19-35.

Thomas, A. La prononciation du /A/ final en franco-ontarien. In R. Mougeon, & É. Beniak, eds. Le français parlé hors Québec: aperçu sociolinguistique, Québec: les Presses de l'Université Laval, pp. 53-67.

Articles in Journals
Baligand, R. & Cichocki, W. 1985. Variation dans le système du /E/ chez de jeunes bilingues franco-anglais de Welland (Ontario), Information/Communication, Vol. 4, pp. 42-64.

Beniak, É., Mougeon, R. & Canale, M. 1979. Compléments infinitifs des verbes de mouvement en français ontarien. Linguistische Berichte,no. 64, pp. 36-49.

Beniak, É., Mougeon, R. & Valois, D. 1985. Sociolinguistic evidence of a possible case of syntactic convergence in Ontarian French. Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association,Vol. 6/7, pp. 73-88.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Ituen, S. 1979. Aspects de l'usage de la préposition POUR en français ontarien: interférence et/ou surgénéralisation? Forum Linguisticum,Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 208-222.

King, R. & T. Nadasdi. 1997. Left dislocation, Number Marking and Canadian French, Probus, Vol. 9, no 3, pp. 267-284.

Mougeon, Françoise. 1976. «Clivage en franco-ontarien». Recherches linguistiques à Montréal, n° 7, p. 163-184.

Mougeon, R. 1993. Du québécois à l'ontarois: aperçu général sur le français ontarien. Francophonies d'Amérique, no 3, pp. 61-78.

Mougeon, R. 1995. Diversité sociolinguistique au sein d'une communauté francophone minoritaire: les Franco-Ontariens. In D. Fattier and F. Gadet, eds. Situations du français. LINX, no. 33, pp. 47-69.

Mougeon, R. & É. Beniak. 1995. Le non accord entre sujet et verbe en français ontarien: un cas de simplification? Présence francophone, Vol. 46, 53-66.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Canale, M. 1977. Analyse de la compétence en français écrit d'élèves franco-ontariens de 12e et 13e années. Canadian Modern Language Review, Vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 381-394.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M., Canale, M. & Ituen, S. 1977. L'usage de la préposition SUR en franco-ontarien. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 22. no 2, pp. 95-154.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1979. Recherches linguistiques appliquées à l'enseignement du français langue maternelle en Ontario. Revue des sciences de l'éducation, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 87-106.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1985. A sociolinguistic study of language contact, shift and change. Linguistics, Vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 455-487.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1994. Bilingualism, language shift and institutional support for French: the case of the Franco-Ontarians. International Journal of the Sociologyof Language, Vol. 105/106, 99-126.

Mougeon, R., Beniak, É. & Bélanger, M. 1982. Morphologie et évolution des pronoms déterminatifs dans le français parlé à Welland (Ontario). The Canadian Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-22.

Mougeon, R., Beniak, É. & Canale, M. 1984. Acquisition et enseignement du français en milieu franco-ontarien. Le français dans le monde, no. 185, pp. 69-76.

Mougeon, R. Beniak, É. & Côté, N. 1981. Variation géographique en français ontarien: rôle du maintien de la langue maternelle. Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association, Vol. 3, pp. 64-82.

Mougeon, R. & Heller, M. 1986. The social and historical context of minority French language school in Ontario. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 7, no. 2-3, pp. 199-228.

Mougeon, R. & Heller, M. 1997. Spracherwerb und Sprachvermittlung des Französischen als Minderheitensprache: die Situation der Frankophonen in der kanadischen Provinz Ontario. Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie, no. 54, 11-36.

Mougeon, R. & Nadasdi, T. 1996. Discontinuités sociolinguistiques inter-/intra-communautaires en Ontario français. Revue du Nouvel Ontario, no. 20, pp. 51-76.

Mougeon, R. & Nadasdi, T. 1998. Sociolinguistic discontinuities in minority linguistic communities, Language. Vol.74, no 1, pp. 40-55.

Mougeon, R., Heller, M., Beniak, É. & Canale, M. 1984. Acquisition et enseignement du français en situation minoritaire : le cas des Franco-ontariens. The Canadian Modern Language Review,Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 315-335.

Nadasdi, T. 1994. Possession inaliénable et variation dialectale. Linguistica Atlantica,no. 15, pp. 131-144.

Nadasdi, T. 1995. Subject NP Doubling, Matching and Minority French. Language Variation and Change, Vol. 7, no 1, pp. 1-14.

Nadasdi, T. 1998. Du français des Acadiens à celui des Ontariens. Francophonies d'Amérique, no 8, pp. 85-98.

Rehner, K. & Mougeon. R. 1998. Use of restrictive expressions JUSTE, SEULEMENT, and RIEN QUE in Ontario French. Journal of the Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 19, no 1-2, pp. 89-111.

Tennant, J. 1996. Variation morphophonologique dans une langue en situation minoritaire: le français à North Bay. Revue du Nouvel-Ontario, no 20, pp. 113-136.

Thomas, A. 1982. 'oi' en franco-ontarien: étude socio-phonétique", Information/Communication, no. 3, pp. 1-27.

Thomas, A. 1985. L'assibilation en franco-ontarien, Information/Communication,no. 4, pp. 64-80.

Thomas, A. 1988. /h/ en franco-ontarien, Canadian Journal of Linguistics,Vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 251-263.

Thomas, A. 1989. Normes et usages phonétiques en franco-ontarien, Travauxdu Cercle linguistique de Nice, Vol. 10-11, pp. 89-101.

Thomas, A. 1994. La prononciation du français dans le Moyen-Nord ontarien, Francophonies d'Amérique,Vol. 4, pp. 5-11.

Thomas, A. 1996. Où en sont les recherches sur la prononciation franco-ontarienne?, Revue du Nouvel-Ontario, Vol. 20, pp. 41-50.

Articles in Conference Proceedings
Beniak, É., Mougeon, R. & Côté, N. 1980. Acquisition of French pronominal verbs by groups of monolingual and bilingual Canadian students. In W. McCormack & H. Izzo, eds. The 6th LACUS Forum, Columbia, Sth. Carolina: Hornbeam Press, pp. 355-368.

Beniak, É. & Mougeon, R. 1984. Possessive A and DE in informal Ontarian French. In P. Baldi, ed. Papers from the XIIth Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp.13-36.

Canale, M. & Mougeon, R. 1978. Problèmes posés par la mesure du rendement en français des élèves Franco-ontariens. In B. Cazabon, ed. Langue maternelle langue première de communication?,Sudbury: L'Institut franco-ontarien , Laurentian University, pp. 39-58.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1979. Generalization of POUR after verbs of motion in Ontarian French. In W. Wolck and P. Garvin, eds. The 5th LACUS Forum, Columbia, Sth Carolina: Hornbeam Press, pp. 367-377.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1980. Infinitival complements to verbs of motion in Ontarian and Quebec French. In E. Closs Traugott, R. Labrum & S. Shepherd, eds. Papers from the fourth international conference on historical linguistics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 193-198.

King , R. & T. Nadasdi. 1997. La puissance des pronoms faibles en français acadien. In Donna Lillian ed. Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association, pp.129-138.

King, R. & T. Nadasdi. 1996. Sorting out Morphosyntactic Variation in Acadian French: the Importance of the Linguistic Marketplace. In Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis, Stanford University: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 113-128.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Canale, M. 1978. Le rôle de l'interférence dans l'emploi des prépositions en français et en anglais par des jeunes Franco-ontariens bilingues. In M. Paradis, ed. The 4th LACUS Forum, Columbia, Sth. Carolina: Hornbeam Press, pp. 539-550.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1981. Leveling of the 3sg./pl. verb distinctions in Ontarian French. In J. Lantolf, ed., Current research in Romance languages:Proceedings of the eleventh annual syposium on Romance languages, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club, pp. 126-144.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. Heller, M. & Canale, M. 1984. Programmes dans les écoles élémentaires de langue française pour les élèves qui parlent peu ou pas en dehors du milieu scolaire. In B. Cazabon ed. L'expression de soi: Actes du 3e congrès de l'Alliance ontarienne des professeurs de français, Sudbury: Institut franco-ontarien/Centre des langues officielles du Canada, Laurentian University, pp. 25-36.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1986. Le français en situation de contact et la variation linguistique: le français parlé en Ontario (Canada). In Actes du XVIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes, Aix-en-Provence: Publications Université de Provence, Vol. 6. pp. 293-313.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1987. The extralinguistic correlates of core lexical borrowing. In K.Denning et al., eds. Proceedings of NWAV-XV, Palo Alto, Ca: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, pp. 337-347.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1987. Minority language schooling without home language maintenance: Impact on language proficiency. In A. Holmen et al. eds. Copenhagen Studies in Biligualism.Vol. 4: Bilingualism and the individual, Multilingual Matters, pp. 253-264.

Mougeon, R. & Beniak, É. 1987. Should the French Canadian minorities open their schools to the children of the Anglophone majority? In J. Jorgensen et al. eds. Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism. Vol. 5: Bilingualism in society and school, Multilingual Matters, pp. 167-177.

Mougeon, R., Beniak, É. & Valli, A. 1988. Vais, vas, m'as in Canadian French: A sociohistorical study. In K. Ferrara, et al. (eds). Linguistic change and contact Proceedings of NWAV-XVI, Texas Linguistics Forum (vol. 30), University of Texas at Austin, 250-264.

Tennant, J. 1991. Observations sur la chute du L dans le français de North Bay (Ontario). In Actes du XIIème Congrès International des Sciences Phonétiques, Université de Provence, 186-189.
 

Articles in non-refereed journals
Mougeon, R., Canale, M. & Beniak, É. 1979. Le français ontarien : un aperçu linguistique. Orbit, Vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 21-23.

Mougeon, R. & Hébrard, P. 1975. Aspects de l'assimilation linguistique dans une communauté francophone de l'Ontario. Working Papers on Bilingualism, no. 5, pp. 1-38.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Main , C. 1977. Recherches en dialectologie franco-ontarienne. Working Papers on Bilingualism, no. 14, pp. 1-20.

Cichocki, W. & D. Lepetit. 1981. La variable /h/ en français ontarien: quelaques aspects socio-phonétiques, Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, no 2, 45-63.

Articles in Bulletins, Newspapers, Newsletters, etc.
Mougeon, R. 1977. Les recherches sociolinguistiques de la Section franco-ontarienne de l'OISE. Bulletin du CRCCF, no. 14.

Mougeon, R. 1979. Le jeune Franco-ontarien et l'assimilation linguistique. L'horaire scolaire,Spring issue.

Mougeon, R. 1983. Recherches sociolinguistiques sur le français ontarien. Bulletin d'information de l'Association française des études canadiennes, no. 24.

Mougeon, R. 1983. Recherches sociolinguistiques sur le français parlé en Ontario. Bulletin de l'Association des études canadiennes, Vol. 5, no. 2

Mougeon, R. 1990. Il n'y a pas désintégration de la pensée chez les Franco-Ontariens. L'express (Toronto), Vol. 15, no 27.

Mougeon, R., Bélanger, M. & Canale, M. 1977. Facteurs sociaux influençant l'acquisition du français par les jeunes Franco-ontariens. CSSE News, Vol. 3, no. 8.

Mougeon, R., Canale, M. & Beniak, É. 1979. Le français ontarien : un aperçu linguistique. L'express (Toronto), Vol. 4, no. 11. Le Voyageur (Sudbury). 11th year, no. 47.

Beniak, É. & Mougeon, R. 1988. Évolution du français parlé à Welland: A project on the Franco-Ontarian community in Welland. Bulletin de l'Association des études canadiennes,Vol. 9, no. 3.

Research Reports
Mougeon, R. et al. 1980. Le français parlé en situation minoritaire. Volume I:emploi et maîtrise du français parlé par les élèves de langue française dans les communautés franco-ontariennes minoritaires, Toronto: The Ontario Ministry of Education.

Mougeon, R. et al. 1981. Le français et l'anglais écrit des élèves franco-ontariens, Toronto: The Ontario Ministry of Education.

Canale, M., Mougeon, R., Heller, M. & Bélanger, M. 1986. Programmes dans les écoles de langue française pour les élèves de compétence inégales en français, Toronto: The Ontario Ministry of Education.

Mougeon, R. et al. 1978. Recherches linguistiques appliquées à l'enseignement du français dans les écoles franco-ontariennes. Final report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Education,Toronto: CFOS, OISE.

Mougeon, R., Valois, D. & Beniak, É. 1985. Répertoire classifié des emprunts à l'anglais répertoriés dans le corpus de français parlé à Welland. Final report to SSHRC, Toronto: CFOS, OISE.

Mougeon, R. & Lambert-Drache, M. 1988. Classe sociale et variation linguistique en milieu minoritaire bilingue. Final report to SSHRC, Toronto: CFOS, OISE.
 

Written Unpublished Papers
Burdine, S. 1998. Variable use of /ne/ in Spoken Franco-Ontarian: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, unpublished manuscript presented at the Department of Linguistics Colloquium, Rice University (Houston, TX), Spring.
SITES OU PAGES WEB FOURNISSANT DES INFORMATIONS SUR LES RECHERCHES SOCIOLINGUISTIQUES CENTRÉES SUR LES VARIÉTÉS DE FRANÇAIS DE L'ESPACE FRANCOPHONE Groupe de recherche en dialectologie comparative du DÉF de l'université de Toronto
 
 

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